Balmer Series Definition in Science

The Balmer series is the portion of the emission spectrum of hydrogen that represents electron transitions from energy levels n 2 to n 2. These are four lines in the visible spectrum. They are also known as the Balmer lines.The four visible Balmer lines of hydrogen appear at 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm and 656 nm. These are caused by photons produced by electrons in excited states transitioning to more stable energy levels. There are also multiple ultraviolet Balmer lines that have wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. The spectrum becomes continuous approaching 364.6 nm (ultraviolet). Note: While Balmer discovered four visible lines, five other hydrogen spectral series were later discovered for values of n besides 2. The Balmer series in especially important in astronomy. The lines are seem emitted by many stellar objects because most of the universe consists of the element hydrogen. The series is used to help determine the surface temperature of stars. Source Nave, C. R. (2006). Hydrogen Spectrum. HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.

Copyright and the Internet Essay examples - 1425 Words

Copyright came about in the fifteenth century in Britain, sometime after the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg. â€Å"The printing press represented a supreme threat to the clergy’s monopoly on idea dissemination; moveable type was the fifteenth century version of Napster† (Copyright Website). Copyright laws were instated to protect authors of various intellectual properties, (literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, architectural) and give credit to the proper author. Over the years copyright laws have changed dramatically, because of the development of the internet. Before the internet in order to be caught plagiarizing someone would have to read through all sorts of literary works, to know exactly where the information came†¦show more content†¦Like physical property intellectual property cannot be used without the owner’s permission. This means that the owner has say in how the consumer uses their work. This has become a problem wit h the development of the internet. It is now extremely easy to break copyright laws and illegally distribute intellectual property to millions of people around the world. The definition of intellectual property is still the same, but people do not think of works on the internet as intellectual property. Even though copyright laws are placed on everything user do not take the time to read the license agreement when downloading personal works from the internet, weather it would be books or music. People are not reading copyright laws which means, they do not know what the owners have and have not given them the right to do with their work. Some authors want you to use their work and sometimes even consider it to be a type of free advertising, others only want you to buy their work for its intended use, (buy their books and read them, or listen to their music, look at their photos, etc.). Copyright laws exist to give credit to the people that deserve it or in most modern cases give pr ofit to the original owners. Copyright along with trademark and paten are all ways to protect intellectual property from false ownership. During theShow MoreRelatedInternet Copyright Laws1388 Words   |  6 PagesCredit Internet Copyright Laws A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With the quick internet connection provided on the schools network, the student makes a few clicks and logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded music from the internet isRead MoreCopyright Protection on Internet9657 Words   |  39 PagesLEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON INTERNET (08BS0001781) SECTION-F Contents {text:bookmark-start} INTRODUCTION {text:bookmark-end} {text:bookmark-start} 1.1 About Intellectual Property [1] {text:bookmark-end} It is not material wants that seek ownership, but the ideas, skills and moral aspirations need equal protection. It refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Read More Internet Copyright Laws Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Copyright Laws A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With the quick internet connection provided on the school’s network, the student makes a few clicks and logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded music from the internet is copyrightedRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet And Social Media On Copyright Laws1061 Words   |  5 Pagesis the impact of the internet and social media on copyright laws? What is the impact of the internet and social media on copyright laws? Haley Leshko CGS-1000 March 10, 2017 Mr. Newfield WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA ON COPYRIGHT LAWS? Introduction Copyright laws were established to protect the original work of individuals since 1709. At present only two acts are in effect today, the copyright Act of 1909 and 1976. (United States Copyright Laws) These works protectRead MoreThe Importance of Internet Regulation in Fighting Piracy and Enforcing Copyright Claims1710 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Regulation in Fighting Piracy and Enforcing Copyright Claims In 1980s, the Internet developed, and this brought about the growth of the file transfer protocol (FTP) servers, electronic mail (e-mail), and World Wide Web (WWW) as online services. The development has caused major challenges for copyright law. Digital technologies and Internet services have facilitated the reproduction and worldwide copyright dissemination easy and high-speed quantities with the protected works at no qualityRead MoreThe Law Governing Online Copyright Infringement ( Issps ) And Internet Users1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe aim of this essay is to examine whether an injunction to the effects as stated in the question will be inconsistent with the rights and/or freedom of Information Society Service Providers (ISSPs) and Internet users. This issue will be tackled by looking into the law governing online copyright infringement (i.e. the European Union (EU) Directives and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law); the current positions of ISSPs and users in terms of their rights and liabilities (particularlyRead MoreCensorship Online1041 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Internet. According to the textbook, censorship is a way used by governments or religious institutions to supervise or regulate the public access to offensive or harmful materials (Quinn 2012, p.496). Internet censorship applies the same discipline which regulates the public access to harmful content on internet. Nowadays, internet is a place with huge potential for growth. Statistics suggest that the total growth of new internet users is 566.4% from December 31, 2000 to 2012 (Internet WorldRead MoreEssay The Copyright Law1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Copyright Law Copyright is the exclusive right given by law for term of years to author, designer etc., or his assignee to print, publish or sell copies of his original work Copyright is a law that protects published and unpublished work that you can see, hear and touch, from being reproduced without prior consent from the creator of the work. Copyright law and copyright Read MoreEssay on Intellectual Property in the Age of the Internet1683 Words   |  7 PagesIntellectual Property in the Age of the Internet When Tim Berners-Lee created the Internet as a non-proprietor, not-for-profit information conduit, he could not have predicted how controversial digitized intellectual property would become. Prior to the Internet, intellectual property was a fairly straightforward issue. It was protected with copyright, trademark, and patent legislations, which granted exclusive rights to owners. Violations were not as abundant because distribution wasRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe introduction of the Internet to society resulted in the opportunity for people to produce, consume and share creative content. This culture of online production and consumption is bound to copyright and fair use laws. While these laws have the capacity to protect an individual’s ownership of intellectual property and creative content, they are not conducive to a vibrant culture of creativity. The Internet and its evolution of search engine engagement has cultivat ed an online community that can

The Extraordinary Science Of Addictive Junk Food Essay Example For Students

The Extraordinary Science Of Addictive Junk Food Essay â€Å"The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food† by Michael Moss addresses many issues with big companies and their thought process. Although Moss neglects to show the things that companies do right or do because the consumer desires it. He doesn’t bring to light the different options that big companies put out that are healthier for the consumer. Moss does a good job of pointing out what he believes to be the short coming of big companies towards their consumers. Are big food companies meeting our needs or creating them for us? Should they have to set limits between meeting our genuine needs and making a profit for themselves? Moss’s point of view of the conscious effort to make food inexpensive and addictive is an accurate portrayal. Michael Moss brings to view the way companies strive to draw the consumer’s to buy their product and then to keep them buying more. Moss spent time interviewing scientists, executives, and former CEO’s to get a clearer picture of how these companies do this. Moss explains that when a product is failing to sell, companies opt to make packaging and logos brighter or more appealing to consumers; instead of pulling the product off the shelves. Moss also touches the fact that additives, like sugar and preservatives, are put into junk food that will enhance a consumer’s craving enough that they will go and purchase it more. Moss states companies like General Mills believe, why change something that taste good and that are selling, even if they are not the healthiest food for consumers. Michael Moss also discusses about an interview that he had with a former employee of Coca-Cola, Jeffery Dunn. The interview was in regards to introducing a low cost bottle of cola in Brazil. While on this mission for . .ms us about multiple people: former CEO’s, employees and executives that try to change the way big companies work with addictive food. Moss points out that all of these individuals have failed at changing the big picture of addiction foods, because big companies refuse to budge due to their increasing profit. Moss’s point of view of the conscious effort to make food inexpensive and addictive is an accurate portrayal. Personally, I feel that as a whole everyone needs to help with this change, not just the big companies adding less sugar and preservatives but the consumer’s learning their limits while eating junk food. There also has to be a way to make healthier food easier and more affordable for consumers. Consumer’s need to step up and stop being lazy about preparing their own food and start reading labels and acknowledging what is healthy for them and what is not.

The films Kes and Billy Elliott Essay Example

The films Kes and Billy Elliott Paper Billy Casper is a misfit. He does things differently to everyone else, he is smaller than most of his classmates and he has an unusual passion. The director of the film not only uses acting to show how Billys loneliness, but also wide panoramic shots and other camera work. In many scenes, we see Billy, a small, desolate figure in a mass of green. Often, these shots have the mine in the background. The juxtaposition of the mine against the beautiful countryside further conveys the mood. The industry is eating away at the fields, and in the same way the lifestyle of the miners and the expectation of Billy becoming a miner is eating away at him. Another juxtaposition that the director uses is when Jud is going down into the mine. He puts children singing a hymn as the music, and then fades up to the assembly scene. This is good use of editing techniques because he gets the feeling of being sucked down into the mine. As one Jud goes down, he feels all his happiness go out of him, and the fade up to the children illustrates the sucking motion of the mine comparable to a black hole. We will write a custom essay sample on The films Kes and Billy Elliott specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The films Kes and Billy Elliott specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The films Kes and Billy Elliott specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are also scenes in the film when Billy is in the woods. In these scenes, he walks slowly and the music is calm and soothing a flute playing over strings. When Billy is in the woods he is at ease. In comparison to this, when Billy is on the estate or at school, there are loud background noises and we often see Billy running. In the woods there is no one telling him what to do, no one to pick on him or bully him, whereas on the estate he is often doing some sort of job or errand for someone. Another reason that Billy doesnt want to become a miner is that he wants to escape from his world. He is picked on at home and at school, constantly being told that he is stupid and no good. Kes is the only thing that he has a great passion for, and she symbolises everything that Billy wants: freedom. Freedom to go where he chooses and to do what he likes. We see shots of Kes flying above Billy, and in the background we can see Barnsley. Kes is flying way above the mine and she doesnt have a care in the world. Billy says Its wild and its free and its not bothered about anybody, which is the attitude that Billy adopts to some extent. Billy understands the hawk, but the hawk is not just a bird to Billy, it is the culmination of all his hopes. Billy shows no desire to be outstanding at anything, he only says that he wont be a miner. The hawk flies above the mine. The mine is deep in the ground, and Billy wants to get as far away from it as possible. When the hawk is dead, Billy has to bury it. This represents the crushing of Billys hope not to become a miner. He has to submit to society, and go to work down the pit. In Billy Elliott there is no pressure on Billy to decide what he wants to do in the future. At home, Jacky and Tony are on strike because the government has decided that it is uneconomical to keep the mines open because it is cheaper to import coal. Billy presumes that he will become a miner, and has no objections to it. The only time he discusses mining is when he asks Michael if he thinks it would be better to be a miner or a ballet dancer. Jacky and Tony being on strike means that there is little money coming into the house. They have been on strike for about a year, making no headway. However, they remain on strike because they have not been trained for anything else. Many of the older miners will never work again. The time is about nineteen eighty-five. The largest police force ever has been assembled to deal with the strikers, and make sure things dont get out of hand, which, of course, they do. Some miners crossed the picket line and were known as scabs. Scabs were hated by the striking miners because they have broken the first rule of the union never cross a picket line. The striking miners struggled to keep themselves warm and fed: the most extreme example of this is when Jacky has to smash up his wifes piano for firewood. This is a very hard thing for him to do because it was one of his wifes favourite things. When Jacky hears about Billys dancing, he tries to go back to work. This is the ultimate sacrifice that Jacky could have made for Billy, and he cannot handle it. He breaks down in the coach park and Tony, who didnt know Jacky was going back, has to come and take him home. Because of the closure of the mines, it was unlikely that Billy was ever going to become a miner, so he doesnt have the anticipation of leaving school and going straight down the pit, like Billy Casper does. His world is changing, it is effectively the end of an era the demise of the working class. A forced change is coming about Billy manages to escape the misery of the miners through his dancing. Everything that Jacky and Tony have ever known is changing, and Jacky allows Billy to be different. At first he finds it hard to do this, but after seeing him dance, he says to Tony He could be a genius for all that we know. When he is asked by the man in the audition room if he supports Billy, he says Yes, of course, and there isnt the slightest bit of doubt in his voice. Because Billy is accepted by his family, he finds it easier to accept things in the world around him. For example, when he finds out that his friend Michael is homosexual, he doesnt tease him or stop talking to him, but accepts him for who he is. He makes jokes about it with Michael, but is never harsh or cruel. The director of Billy Elliott uses the mine less as a visual aid than the director of Kes. He does however use a similar technique to the assembly, when Billy is at a ballet class. He cuts this with scenes of the miners striking and then back to the lesson, with the mingled sounds of the miners shouting and the piano. This is meaningful because it shows that there is such a great difference so close together. We know that there is goi Mining is more a symbol of change in Billy Elliott than anything else. Billy is moving on to new things, and he will experience things that none of his family or the community have ever experienced. In the same way, the miners lives are about to be changed forever. When Billy is sitting by Jacky in the fields, he says that he is scared, and Jacky says Thats ok, son, were all scared. Everyone who is affected by the mining will have a change life. In contrast to this, Mrs Wilkinsons life wont change. For her Billy is leaving, which is sad, but her life will move on. She isnt going to lose her job, she has to keep going the same way as she always has. Mrs Wilkinson is a contrast to the feel good factor of the film. There are certain characters and moments in the film that stand out because they challenge the mood of the film, for example Jacky smashing his wifes piano, and I believe that the matter of mining is clearer in Kes than it is in Billy Elliott. I say this because in Billy Elliott, it is somehow unresolved. We know that the miners go back to work we see them going back, but what we dont know is what happened to them when the mines closed. All we see are Jacky and Tony going to see Billy in his production of Swan Lake. The central theme of the film is Billy, but I think that the film could possibly be even stronger if it showed more of a definite ending to the mines. However, having said this, the film explores wider, more challenging issues than Kes, for example the issue of homosexuality in Michael. It would have been hard to portray these issues when Kes was made in the 1960s, but I think that it makes Billy Elliott a more outstanding film.

morality essays

morality essays The very essence of leadership is that you have to have a vision. -Theodore Hesburgh. This necessary essence of leadership is a vision, not a mirage, but a realistic goal of gaining a successful Foreign policy. Economic sanctions are effective and necessary. They are a moral and accepted method of achieving Foreign Policy goals. Now to define some of the words of the resolution: Economic sanctions: Penalty relating to commercial prosperity for non-compliance Achieve: to get or attain by effort Foreign policy: the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states Goals: result or achievement toward which effort is directed Economic sanctions have been and are accepted as a legitimate method of foreign policy. According to Jonathan Eaton, sanctions have long been important in international relations and us law prescribes the use of sanctions in circumstances related to, for example, national security, human rights, intellectual property, and international trade. Ec4enomic sanctions are currently a reality of international relations; getting rid of them would be as ineffective as outlawing war. Economic sanctions have always been an American Foreign Policy weapon. Even the American colonies imposed sanctions on Britain in response to the stamp and townsend acts. Sanctions have been vital weapons for Foreign policy for more than 200 years. I must agree with U.S. representative Ros Lehtinen when he says, sanctions made sense form a moral, ethical, political and commercial sense. Sanctions are a step taken to avoid war, and this I believe can be a given that sanctions are much less severe than war. With this in mind the price per American for U.S. sanctions is $3.77- a little more that the cost of a Big Mac and Fies. For a moral effective method of achieving Foreign Policy goals it is also very cost effective. According to the Journal ...

Bare Knuckles Boxing

Bare Knuckles Boxing For much of the 19th century boxing was not considered a legitimate sport in America. It was generally outlawed as a notorious crime, and boxing matches would be raided by the police and the participants arrested. Despite the official prohibitions against boxing matches, boxers often met in celebrated fights which drew large crowds and were openly reported in newspapers. And in the era before padded gloves became standard gear, the action in the bare-knuckle era was particularly brutal. Did You Know? Boxing was generally illegal in 19th century America, with fights held in secret locations.Bare-knuckle bouts were brutal, and could last for hours.Fighters could become famous, and some, peculiarly, picked up a political following.One bare-knuckles champion went on to serve in Congress. Despite the fame of some boxers, matches often tended to be scraps organized by neighborhood political bosses or outright gangsters. The fights could go on for hours, with opponents battering away at each other until one collapsed or was beaten insensible. While the contests involved punching, the action bore scant resemblance to modern boxing matches. The nature of the fighters was also different. As boxing was generally outlawed, there were no professional fighters. The pugilists tended to be otherwise employed. For instance, one noted bare-knuckles fighter in New York City, Bill Poole, was by trade a butcher, and was widely known as Bill the Butcher. (His life was very loosely adapted and portrayed in the Martin Scorsese film Gangs of New York.) Despite the notoriety and underground nature of bare knuckles fighting, some participants not only became famous, but were widely respected. Bill the Butcher, became a leader of the Know-Nothing Party in New York City before being assassinated. His funeral drew thousands of mourners, and was the largest public gathering in New York City until Abraham Lincolns funeral in April 1865. A perennial rival of Poole, John Morrissey, regularly found work as an election-day enforcer for New York City political factions. With what he earned boxing he opened saloons and gambling joints. His pugilistic reputation helped Morrissey to eventually be elected to Congress, representing a New York City district. John Morrissey during his bare knuckles boxing career. Library of Congress While serving on Capitol Hill, Morrissey became a popular figure. Visitors to Congress often wanted to meet the man known as Old Smoke, a nickname he picked up in a saloon fight when an opponent backed him up against a coal stove and set his clothes on fire. Morrissey, incidentally, proved he had enormous tolerance for pain when he won that particular fight. Later in the 19th century, when the boxer John L. Sullivan became popular, boxing became somewhat more legitimate. Still, the air of menace continued to surround boxing, and  major bouts were often held in peculiarly remote locations designed to skirt local laws. And publications like the Police Gazette, which focused on boxing events, seemed happy to make boxing seem shady. The London Rules Most boxing matches of the early 1800s were conducted under the London Rules, which were based on a set of rules laid down by an English boxer, Jack Broughton, in 1743. The basic premise of the Broughton Rules, and the subsequent London Prize Ring Rules, were that a round in a fight would last until a man went down. And there was a 30-second rest period between each round. Following the rest period, each fighter would have eight seconds to come to what was known as the scratch line in the middle of the ring. The fight would end when one of the fighters could not stand, or could not make it to the scratch line. Theoretically there was no limit to the number of rounds fought, so fights could go on for dozens of rounds. And because the fighters punched with bare hands, they could break their own hands by attempting knock-out punches to their opponents heads. So matches tended to be long battles of endurance. Marquess of Queensberry Rules A change in rules occurred in the 1860s in England. An aristocrat and sportsman, John Douglas, who held the title of the Marquess of Queensberry, developed a set of rules based on the use of padded gloves. The new rules came into use in the United States in the 1880s.

Significance of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Significance of Leadership - Essay Example I was tapped to lead a six-person team plagued by complaints such as â€Å"I feel stifled by the bureaucracy,† â€Å"I am bored by the repetitive routines,† and â€Å"My boss has no sense of business.† Before taking on the responsibility, my mentor asked whether I had seriously considered what it meant to lead this infamous team. In my response, I quoted my former coach: â€Å"There’s no bad boy, only a bad coach.† I did not criticize the so-called bad boys, many previous leaders had done the same mistake and I certainly did not want to follow in their footsteps. Another positive thing which I did was that I listened to them patiently and gave them a good chance to express themselves, all these above things worked in my favor and I ended up winning their hearts. I defined my role as the team’s backup. I wouldn’t lead; I planned to support. I shared my vision of turning the team members into real leaders who not only developed ideas but also put them into action and delivered results. I invented the â€Å"changing seats† game, in which team members alternated sitting in my chair every Monday morning, initiating an activity for the whole team to execute that week. Later, I proposed setting up a Your-Voice forum, in which the team would exchange ideas about the latest international practices in trade finance as well as necessary reformations in workflow and business process. Motivated by the team’s enthusiasm, I convinced the executives to provide a small budget to support our lecture series involving professionals in insurance, shipping, and foreign exchange management policy. The lecture series was open to the entire organization, which helped rebuild the team’s image into a positive one. Gradually, I guided my bad boys to turn their innovative ideas into case studies and papers for top management’s reference.

Company Law, Essay questoin Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company Law, questoin - Essay Example they could legally carry out their operations and stating the duties and responsibilities of all the components of the corporations: be they shareholders or directors. In UK, the Company Act contains all these rules and regulations for companies established in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. However, two versions of the Company Act, namely Company Act 1985 and Company Act 2006 offer varied rights and obligations for shareholders as explained below. Minority shareholders (those whose shareholding is 50% or less), in particular, are given some forms of protection from majority shareholders. ‘A member of a company may apply to the court†¦ for an order under this Part on the ground that the company’s affairs are being or have been conducted in a manner which is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of its members generally or of some part of its members†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Emphatically a â€Å"member† means a shareholder]1 Instituting a legal suit: Shareholders could start a legal proceeding against the directors and the companies in case unexpected unfair practices are discovered. This empowers shareholders to boldly challenge the directors or other management members whenever they abused their positions and undermine the integrity of the company’s constitution2. Some of the abuses include but not limited to the misuse of company’s asset, exaggerated self-aggrandisement and absolute breach of company’s rules to satisfy personal interests. So, minority shareholders, for instance, could only use the power of law here to seek redress against the majority shareholders, managers and directors. For the fact that bad management on the part of the directors could destroy the company’s operations and plunge everyone into insolvency, the opposing action by the shareholders would help return sanity to the company’s activities. A typical instance of when shareholders kicked against the selfish desires of directors who tried to break the company’s rules in pursuit

Training in Banking Sector Essay Example for Free

Training in Banking Sector Essay Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the training needs among employees of Public sector bank. In the current dynamic business environment training has become indispensable. The biggest challenge of human resource managers is to train the employees to produce desired results. In the cyclical process of training, training needs analysis is the first step which analyses the areas where training is essential. Total 100 respondents responded to the pre-tested questionnaire, for which Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated to confirm its reliability, which resulted in the score of 0. 860. The major findings and evaluation have been done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The findings can be used to design future competency based training programs. Keywords: Performance, Skills, Training, Training needs. I. Introduction The banking sector in the recent years has been undergoing intense structural and organizational changes, globally. The trend towards globalization of financial markets and services and deregulation of domestic banking systems has been the driving forces behind the drastic change in this sector. The Information technology era has enabled development of new financial instruments, decentralization of work and decision making responsibilities. The extensive competition, greater demand for providing better product and services, dynamic business environment prevailing in the commercial banking sector has increased more demand from employees in order to meet the requirements the above all has posed critical challenges for employees and HR managers in particular. Thus, training is no longer considered a casual phenomenon or holiday for a selected few; instead it ought to be a process of human resource development for fulfillment of defined objectives (Khandelwal, 1978). And to achieve the desired results transformation in the context and mechanism of training programs becomes indispensable (Lynton and Pareek, 1990).â€Å"Training† refers to a systematic approach to learning and development to improve individual, team, and organizational effective-ness (Goldstein Ford 2002). Denby (2010) explains that training helps to expand the scope of available skills within the workforce and improve expertise and adds enhancing the capabilities of the team supports retention. Every organization strives to achieve their objectives, and in banking sector the major goals include maximizing funds and improve the level of services. And the most desirable goal is to improve employee’ performance which results in overall organizational performance. In current scenario, to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, sustaining customers by delivering high quality service becomes essential. To achieve all the above mentioned objectives training the bank employees becomes vital. Every training program starts with an analysis of training needs. Identifying training needs of employees is considered to be an essential requirement to design an effective training program and it also contributes to the training strategy of an organization. II. Purpose And Importance Of Identifying Training Needs In the stages of the systematic training cycle, Identifying training needs and its analysis is the important first stage and following stages of the cycle are training design, training delivery and training evaluation respectively. Identifying training needs must be carefully planned, conducted and have clear outcomes to ensure that training interventions are implemented effectively and that they lead to meaningful changes in service delivery(Gould D, Kelly D, White I, 2010). Training can be considered successful only it is implemented to match and complement the business needs and objectives. The assessment begins with a needs which can be identified in several ways but is generally described as a gap between what is currently in place and what is needed, now and in the future. ). â€Å"The rationale for developing a training program relies heavily on identifying training needs, and justifying the costs and benefits to the organization. Without a clear understanding of needs, training efforts are at best randomly useful or at worst, useless. The trainer will only be successful and perceived as such to the extent that needs are carefully assessed, and programs developed and carried out that meet those needs† (Brown, 2002). Identifying the training needs serve as the key to cost effectiveness, and it also serve as valuable part of the development and growth of a business (Andy Taylor, 2009). Identifying and Analyzing training needs is a part of an ongoing cyclic process (Andrew Knowles, 2009) and also states that with clear understanding of what is to be achieved and some knowledge of organization itself, training needs analysis on staff can be performed within the organization to identify learning needs. In a very recent study Stanley (2010) states that common types of needs analysis focus on surveys, collecting questionnaires, data from supervisors, observing and formally or informally interviewing employees and analyzing employee’s performance tests and productivity reports. Thus, surveying, interviewing and testing the employees can help to determine the training needs and in this study we attempt to identify training needs of clerical staff employees of public sector banks through a well-constructed questionnaire. III. Review of Literature Human resource development is defined as ‘the process of increasing the capacity of the human resources through development. It is thus a pro cess of adding value to individuals, organization as a human system’ (Mclagan, 1989). Though all practices of personnel management results in development of human resources, but to prepare qualified, flexible, and well prepared employees training is considered as the central activity (Bartel, 1994). Training, in this regard, is seen as a very much useful among all human resource management practices for coping with ever increasing expectations of various facets of customers in retail banks. Noe (2009) states that training is a planned effort by a company to facilitate employees learning of job-related capabilities. These competencies include knowledge, skill, or behaviours that are critical for successful job performance. Donald Kirkpatrick (1994) classical model which has acquired wide acceptance over the years identifies four level of training evaluation; Level One – Reaction, Level Two – Learning, Level three – Behaviour and Level Four – Result. The training system comprises of inputs, process and outcomes (Ziderman, 1997). Training-related changes should result in im-proved job performance and other positive changes (e.g., acquisition of new skills; Hill Lent 2006, Satterfield Hughes 2007) that serve as antecedents of job performance (Kraiger 2002). Leigh, et al., (2000) stresses that assessing and analysing training needs is important because this builds the foundation by identifying the kinds of HRD intervention needed for an effective effort.â€Å"Analyzing training needs provides a focus and direction for the investment an organization has to make in its people† (Bartram Gibson, 1994). â€Å"Many businesses face the prospect of wasting valuable training budget because they do not know how to accurately identify what their internal needs are, and thus cannot design the most suitable training and enhancement program† (Denby, 2010).Success of training depends on positive attitude of the employees about participating in the training activities (Noe Colquitt, 2002). Additionally, Reid (1986) states â€Å"The quality of training can be no better than the quality that the analysis permits† IV. Objectives of the study The research objective of this study includes: * It collects and analyse the various views expressed by bank employees in favour of training needs. * Identification of degree to which employee’s need training on certain factors. * Examination of the differences in training needs between male and female employees. V. Study Hypothesis H1: There is an association between the Number of training programs attended by employees and their view that analytical skills require high degree of importance from the aspect of training. H1: There is statistically significant difference between the length of service of the respondents in the preference towards training on advanced computer skills, planning skills and perpetual skills respectively. VI. Methodology A pre tested questionnaire was administered to 100 public sector bank employees of clerical grade in Chennai, Tamilnadu .The response received from the employees through the questionnaire were analysed using simple percentage analysis, chi square test, one way ANOVA test and inter correlation analysis. VII. Results and analysis In relations to the objective of the study, questions in the questionnaire were designed to recognize to what degree the employees think the training program provided by the bank should focus on following factors ;Interpersonal skills, Oral communication skills, Written communication skills, Public speaking skills, Mentoring skills, Teaching/Training skills, Supervising skills, Leadership skills, Negotiating skills, Client service skills, Analytical/logical thinking skills, Creativity, Decision making, Planning skills, Administrative/Clerical skills, financial skills, Advanced Computer skills, Technological skills, Performing skills, Perceptual skills, Stress Management Skills. In the following analysis we use chi-square and one way ANOVA to prove the formulated hypothesis mentioned above.

What is the Definition of Terrorism? :: Terrorist vs Freedom Fighter

The concept of terrorism is exceedingly difficult to define. Author Gerald Seymour first said in his book Harry’s Game that, â€Å"One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter†. Each individual may view terrorism in a different light. Because of this, there is currently no universal definition of terrorism. However in recent years, it has become increasingly more important to form a definition of terrorism, especially while working in the media. The word terror dates back to the French Revolution. â€Å"A terrorist was, in its original meaning, a Jacobin who ruled France during la Terruer† (Moeller 20). Terrorism has clearly become much broader in the years since its origination. Since the concept was first birthed in France it has been used for separatist, nationalistic, political and religious ends, etc. In the book â€Å"Packaging Terrorism†, author Susan Moeller states that, â€Å"the goal of terrorism is to send a message, not to defeat the enemy†. I think this is an incredibly important concept when one is trying to define terrorism. The goal of terrorism is more about inspiring fear. Terrorists do not generally target high-up government officials, but innocent civilians like those killed in September 11. When an act of terrorism is committed, the effect spreads beyond the victim. When members of Black September killed the Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics, there were 11 victims of the attack. Black September’s target, however, was greater than just the Israeli athletes. They inflicted a worldwide terror. When defining terrorism, one must realize that the message is often the goal of the attack. The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism as, â€Å"The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological†. Whereas the Belgium Red Cross says that terrorism is committed â€Å"for the purpose of intimidating the population, forcing a third party to act or destablishing or destroying the fundamental structures of a country or of an international organization†.

Albert Camus: Written Assignment Essay

During the interactive oral, we discussed the main theme of the meaninglessness of human life that is present in The Stranger by Albert Camus. We emphasized mainly on Meursault’s detached and unemotional characteristics, especially when the jury uses this against him at his trial: â€Å"He stated that I had no place in a society whose most fundamental rules I ignored† (102). Meursault is very isolated from his society, and during his trial all the odds are not in his favor because in this case Meursault is viewed as a minority when compared to the Arabs in Algeria. Even the prosecutor claims that Meursault does not feel remorse about killing the Arab, and this connects to the theme of the meaninglessness of human life, where Meursault’s feelings towards this entire case is mutual and religion, life, and death does not matter to him. In reference to the title, we also pinpointed that Meursault acts as the stranger when placed in this society because he is disconne cted and does not belong in this â€Å"normal† society, he is seen an outsider. And, we concluded that the character conflicts are targeted towards man versus society and man versus self. Because it is clear that Meursault does what comforts him the most instead of pleasing others and bothering to care about what everyone thinks about him. A major cultural impact that is presented in this novel is the idea of  religion and the role of the elderly. Based on the first chapter, we learn that Meursault puts his mother in an old people’s home, however, later we realize that the jury found this unacceptable. This gave Meursault a disadvantage against his murder case because in this society, it is morally wrong to put an elder relative in an elderly home. Also during the seminar we mentioned how religion plays an important role in this society, especially when the lawyer, the judge, and the priest tries to persuade Meursault into turning to religion, however, he does not believe that God exists and the judge even calls him â€Å"Monsieur Antichrist† (71). When he refuses to believe in God, it connects to the idea that life is meaningless and God does not replace the absurd significance of human life. Overall I learned that there are many cultural obligations that Meursault conflicts with in The Stranger and with these pressures; he struggles to face his society. An analysis of the symbolic significance of the motif of the sun in The Stranger The powerful effect of light can cast a shadow and blind those who come across its path. Power, especially too much, can influence the behavior of others and it can deceive people especially those who are different and follow a strange path from everyone else. Meursault in The Stranger, for example, is known as an outcast due to his actions and beliefs of life. However, he is a victim of the overpowering impact of light, he loses his way and the shadow of light influences his actions. In his novel, The Stranger, Albert Camus creates an intense atmosphere through his use of the sun as a motif. He accomplishes this by using the sun as the personification of Meursault’s inner emotions, the powerful imagery of the murder scene, and Meursault’s internal conflict. Throughout the novel, Camus uses the motif of the sun to construct the  intensity of the atmosphere during part one of the novel. The sun plays a role in influencing Meursault’s feelings especially when the sun is described as unbearable on the day of Maman’s funeral: â€Å"But today, with the sun bearing down, making the whole landscape shimmer with heat, it was inhuman and oppressive† (15). Camus uses a pathetic fallacy in his description of the sun as â€Å"oppressive† and â€Å"inhuman.† This helps to illustrate the sun’s devilish characteristics as its powerful impact that allows Meursault to forget about Maman’s death. Also Meursault is known to be a very indifferent and unemotional character however, whenever the sun is opposing him, it affects his behavior and allows him to express his emotions about his surroundings; and this contributes to the intensity of atmosphere. Another significant passage is when Meursault longs for shade and to be far away from the oppressive heat: â€Å"I was thinking of the cool spring behind the rock. I wanted to hear the murmur of its water again, to escape the sun and the strain†¦and to find shade at last† (57). This time the sun influences Meursault’s yearning desire to run away from the sun and this foreshadows Meursault’s desperate actions in killing the Arab. As the sun gets stronger, so does Meursault’s discomfort, and this reoccurring relationship symbolizes that the effect of the sun’s unbearable heat enhances Meursault’s desire to escape its penetrating control. In addition, the powerful strength of the sun returns and it contributes in building up to the climax of the novel: â€Å"It was this burning, which made me move forward† (59). The effect of the sun compels Meursault in killing the Arab with no intentions or reasons influencing his sudden action when his anxiety is released as he pulls the trigger. Camus uses the heat and the glare of the sun as a tool to release Meursault’s repressed emotions. Despite Meursault’s indifference towards his wrong doings, his actions and emotions, which the sun has possessed over him, do not explain Meursault’s irrational intent to surprisingly shoot the Arab and this connects to a major theme of the irrationality of the universe, which deprives Meursault from acting reasonability. Furthermore, the author’s intentions in personifying the sun’s possessive effect over Meursault’s emotions and irrational motives are to convey an intense atmosphere and its power to influence Meursault actions. Towards the end of part one of the novel, the author illustrates the build up  to the murder scene through the use of vivid descriptions and kinesthetic and visual imagery of the blazing sun in order to portray an overall atmosphere of the intense portrayals of nature and weather. When Meursault prevents Raymond from starting a bloody war with the Arabs, Raymond gives him the gun and Meursault notices that â€Å"The sun glinted off Raymond’s gun as he handed it to me†(56). This excerpt foreshadows the significance of the sun and gun since both items are associated with murdering the Arab, and these two items initiate the murder. Camus briefly mentions the sun glinting off the gun as a way to illustrate their connection and importance in the death scene, also the author focuses on pinpointing details about the sun and its powerful effects in order to create an intense atmosphere by emphasizing the sun’s visual descriptions. After the fight between Raymond and the Arab, Meursault takes a walk on the beach and he sees the Arab flashing his knife and this blinds Meursault as he illustrates that â€Å"The light shot off the steel and it was like a long flashing blade cutting at my forehead† (59). The author exemplifies the light intensity of the reflection of the blade to be blinding and painful through the use of both kinesthetic and visual imagery. This passage is significant in demonstrating the powerful effect of the sun and its strength in pushing Meursault to defy the limitations against nature. Even moments before Meursault pulls the trigger, tension begins to rise as if nature is pushing Meursault into killing the Arab: â€Å"The sea carried up a thick, fiery breath. It seemed to me as if the sky spilt open from one end to the other to rain down fire† (59). The use of diction such as â€Å"thick, fiery† evokes the intensity of visual imagery and the personification of the sun se rves to enhance the sun’s powerful influence over Meursault’s mind and unconscious actions. Perhaps nature is symbolically pressuring Meursault to murder the Arab and Camus surprisingly illustrates the time and setting of this scene in this way in order for it to come as a shock and therefore to support the concept of nature and its prevalent impact. Overall, the murder scene displays an intense illustration of Meursault’s surroundings through the use of kinesthetic and visual imagery of the sun’s power and control which helps develop a powerful environment. Particularly, the entire novel is based on the major conflict between Meursault and himself; this internal conflict portrays an intensive atmosphere that is represented through the influence of nature and weather,  which is depicted throughout the novel. In the beginning of the novel, the nurse at Mamam’s funeral gives Meursault significant advice when she says, â€Å"â€Å"If you go slowly, you risk getting sunstroke. But if you go too fast, you work up a sweat and then catch a chill inside the church.† She was right. There was no way out† (17). The nurse’s advice symbolizes that Meursault’s self-conflict with the sun is unavoidable just as Meursault’s fate is inescapable; such as when he fails to find ways to escape from his death sentence. The author decides to mention this passage to foreshadow Meursault’s unforeseen fate because Meursault’s murderous action is an unexpected plot twist, and this embodies nature’s powerful control over men, in which in this case it is between the sun and Meursault. Meursault’s battle with overcoming the heat of the sun is mainly demonstrated especially when tension is high such as when the group of Arabs is walking towards Meursault, Raymond, and Masson: â€Å"The sun was shining almost directly overhead onto the sand, and the glare on the water was unbearable† (52). As the scene begins to become more intense, the fight between Meursault and the weather becomes stronger as well, and this is demonstrated when Meursault describes his frustration from the sun’s intolerable heat. This excerpt clearly shows that Meursault’s constant war with his emotions and nature is powerful in connection with the intense atmosphere and since Meursault is u nable to conquer the overpowering heat, it that causes him to kill the Arab and he gives in to the sun’s compelling control. Also before Meursault’s trial, he even states that â€Å"I knew as soon as the weather turned hot that something new was in store for me† (82). Since Meursault did not know how much longer the judge would sentence him in prison, this passage did foreshadow that his trial would not turn out well. This again relates to the idea that when tension is high, the war between the sun’s heat and Meursault’s emotions is also intensified and Camus uses the motif of the sun to indicate that nature is against Meursault and to foreshadow Meursault’s fate. In conclusion, the influence of nature and weather as well as the motif of the sun and the role it plays to fight against Meursault’s internal emotions establishes an intensified setting. Unfortunately, mankind is overpowered by nature and the force of the light pushes Meursault to his breaking point. Meursault is unaware of the sun’s influential effect, however he is impacted by its controlling power. In the end, the sun’s strength forces Meursault to commit an immoral crime and even though his reasons are unintentional, he is rejected by society and is sentenced to a death penalty. The use of the motif of the sun in The Stranger by Albert Camus, develops a powerful atmosphere through the idea that the sun personifies Meursault by influencing his actions and feelings, the intense imagery of the murder scene, and Meursault’s inner conflict against the sun. Works Cited Camus, Albert, and Matthew Ward. The Stranger. New York: Vintage International, 1989. Print.

Guy Montag Change Essay

Change is a big factor of life, without changes we are like robots. Sometimes we change to adapt, change for a cause, change to be a better person, change for a better living, and some time change for fun. Similarly in the novel Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury changes his main character Guy Montag throughout the novel. He uses other characters to bring changes into Montag’s life. Montag is a fire man, not a fireman who puts fire out rather who works under Captain Beatty to burn books, and houses. In the beginning of the movie he just follows order and burns books but as the novel goes he changes himself to be a better person. Firstly, Clarisse seventeen years old girl, Montag is introduced to in the novel bring several changes in his life. She teaches him how to love and express his thoughts. In the beginning he doesn’t think much to care about anything, but Clarisse teaches him love nature. He never even thinks let alone expressing his thoughts, But Clarisse changes him to look differently and to express them to change him to be a better person. â€Å"It’s just I love to watch people too much†¦ Sometimes I ride the subway all day and look at them and listen to them.† Second is Mildred, Montag’s wife who just watches T.V shows with her friend all the time. She was like the rest of the society, who was bored with life and tried to commit suicide. She sort of holds Montag back from changing, reading books. As his wife she had more effect on him than anyone else in the beginning.

Biography of Gabriel García Márquez

Biography of Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez (1927–2014) was a Colombian writer, associated with the Magical Realism genre of narrative fiction and credited with reinvigorating Latin American writing. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1982, for a body of work that included novels such as 100 Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera.  Ã‚   Fast Facts: Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez Full Name: Gabriel Josà © de la Concordia Garcà ­a MrquezAlso Known As: GaboBorn: March 6, 1927, in Aracataca, ColombiaDied: April 17, 2014, in Mexico City, MexicoSpouse: Mercedes Barcha Pardo, m. 1958Children: Rodrigo, b. 1959 and Gonzalo, b. 1962  Best-known Works: 100 Years of Solitude, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Love in the Time of CholeraKey Accomplishments:  Nobel Prize for Literature, 1982, leading writer of magical realismQuote: Reality is also the myths of the common people. I realized that reality isnt just the police that kill people, but also everything that forms part of the life of the common people. Magical realism is a type of narrative fiction which blends a realistic picture of ordinary life with fantastic elements. Ghosts walk among us, say its practitioners: Garcà ­a Mrquez wrote of these elements with a wry sense of humor, and an honest and unmistakable prose style.  Ã‚   Early Years   Gabriel Josà © de la Concordia Garcà ­a Mrquez (known as Gabo) was born on March 6, 1927, in the town of Aracataca, Colombia near the Caribbean coast. He was the eldest of 12 children; his father was a postal clerk, telegraph operator and itinerant pharmacist, and when Garcà ­a Mrquez was 8, his parents moved away so his father could find a job. Garcà ­a Mrquez was left to be raised in a large ramshackle house by his maternal grandparents. His grandfather Nicolas Mrquez Mejia was a liberal activist and a colonel during Columbias Thousand Days War; his grandmother believed in magic and filled her grandsons head with superstitions and folk tales, dancing ghosts and spirits.   In an interview published in The Atlantic in 1973, Garcà ­a Mrquez said he had always been a writer. Certainly, all of the elements of his youth were interwoven into Garcà ­a Mrquezs fiction, a blend of history and mystery and politics that Mexican poet Pablo Neruda compared to Cervantess Don Quixote. Writing Career Garcà ­a Mrquez was educated at a Jesuit college and in 1946, began studying for the law at the National University of Bogota. When the editor of the liberal magazine El Espectador wrote an opinion piece stating that Colombia had no talented young writers, Garcà ­a Mrquez sent him a selection of short stories, which the editor published as Eyes of a Blue Dog.   A brief burst of success was interrupted by the assassination of Colombias president Jorge Eliecer Gaitan. In the following chaos, Garcà ­a Mrquez left to become a journalist and investigative reporter in the Caribbean region, a role he would never give up. Exile from Colombia In 1954, Garcà ­a Mrquez broke a news story about a sailor who survived the shipwreck of a Columbian Navy destroyer. Although the wreck had been attributed to a storm, the sailor reported that badly stowed illegal contraband from the US came loose and knocked eight of the crew overboard. The resulting scandal led to Garcà ­a Mrquezs exile to Europe, where he continued writing short stories and news and magazine reports. In 1955, his first novel, Leafstorm (La Hojarasca) was published: it had been written seven years earlier but he could not find a publisher until then.   Marriage and Family Garcà ­a Mrquez married Mercedes Barcha Pardo in 1958, and they had two children: Rodrigo, born 1959, now a television and film director in the U.S., and Gonzalo, born in Mexico City in 1962, now a graphic designer.   One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967)   Garcà ­a Mrquez got the idea for his most famous work while he was driving from Mexico City to Acapulco. To get it written, he holed up for 18 months, while his family went into debt $12,000, but at the end, he had 1,300 pages of manuscript. The first Spanish edition sold out in a week, and over the next 30 years, it sold more than 25 million copies and has been translated into more than 30 languages.   The plot is set in Macondo, a town based on his own hometown of Aracataca, and its saga follows five generations of descendants of Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a and his wife Ursula, and the city they founded. Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a is based on Garcà ­a Mrquezs own grandfather. Events in the story include a plague of insomnia, ghosts that grow old, a priest who levitates when he drinks hot chocolate, a woman who ascends into heaven while doing the laundry, and a rain which lasts four years, 11 weeks and two days.   In a 1970 review of the English language version, Robert Keily of The New York Times said it was a novel so filled with humor, rich detail and startling distortion that is brings to mind the best of [William] Faulkner and Gà ¼nter Grass.   Political Activism   Garcà ­a Mrquez was an exile from Colombia for most of his adult life, mostly self-imposed, as a result of his anger and frustration over the violence that was taking over his country. He was a lifelong socialist, and a friend of Fidel Castros: he wrote for La Prensa in Havana, and always maintained personal ties with the communist party in Colombia, even though he never joined as a member. A Venezuelan newspaper sent him behind the Iron Curtain to the Balkan States, and he discovered that far from an ideal Communist life, the Eastern European people lived in terror.   He was repeatedly denied tourist visas to the United States because of his leftist leanings but was criticized by activists at home for not totally committing to communism. His first visit to the U.S. was the result of an invitation by President Bill Clinton to Marthas Vineyard. Later Novels   In 1975, the dictator Augustin Pinochet came to power in Chile, and Garcà ­a Mrquez swore he would never write another novel until Pinochet was gone. Pinochet was to remain in power a grueling 17 years, and by 1981, Garcà ­a Mrquez realized that he was allowing Pinochet to censor him.   Chronicle of a Death Foretold was published in 1981, the retelling of a horrific murder of one of his childhood friends. The protagonist, a merry and peaceful, and openhearted son of a wealthy merchant, is hacked to death; the whole town knows in advance and cant (or wont) prevent it, even though the town doesnt really think hes guilty of the crime hes been accused of: a plague of inability to act. In 1986, Love in the Time of Cholera was published, a romantic narrative of two star-crossed lovers who meet but dont connect again for over 50 years. Cholera in the title refers to both the disease and anger taken to the extreme of warfare. Thomas Pynchon, reviewing the book in the New York Times, extolled the swing and translucency of writing, its slang and its classicism, the lyrical stretches and those end-of-sentence zingers.   Death and Legacy   In 1999, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez was diagnosed with lymphoma, but continued to write until 2004, when reviews of Memories of My Melancholy Whores were mixed- it was banned in Iran. After that, he slowly sank into dementia, dying in Mexico City on April 17, 2014.   In addition to his unforgettable prose works, Garcà ­a Mrquez brought world attention to the Latin American literary scene, set up an International Film School near Havana, and a school of journalism on the Caribbean coast.   Notable Publications   1947: Eyes of a Blue Dog  1955: Leafstorm, a family are  mourners at the burial of a doctor whose secret past make the entire town want to humiliate the corpse1958: No One Writes to the Colonel, a retired army officer begins an apparently futile attempt to get his military pension1962: In Evil Hour, set during the La Violencia, a violent period in Colombia during the late 1940s and early 1950s1967: One Hundred Years of Solitude  1970: The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor,a compilation of shipwreck scandal articles1975: Autumn of the Patriarch, a dictator rules for two centuries, an indictment of all the dictators plaguing Latin America  Ã‚  1981: Chronicle of a Death Foretold  Ã‚  1986: Love in the Time of Cholera  1989: The General in the Labyrinth, account of the last years of the revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar1994: Love and Other Demons, an entire coastal town slips into communal madness1996: News of a Kidnapping, nonfiction report on the Colombian Medellin drug cartel2 004: Memories of My Melancholy Whores, story of a 90-year-old journalists affair with a 14-year-old prostitute Sources Del Barco, Mandalit. Writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Who Gave Voice to Latin America, Dies. National Public Radio April 17, 2014. Print.Fetters, Ashley. The Origins of Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Magic Realism. The Atlantic April 17 2014. Print.Kandell, Jonathan. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez, Conjurer of Literary Magic, Dies at 87. The New York Times April 17, 2014. Print.Kennedy, William. The Yellow Trolley Car in Barcelona, and Other Visions. The Atlantic January 1973. Print.Kiely, Robert. Memory and Prophecy, Illusion and Reality Are Mixed and Made to Look the Same. The New York March 8, 1970. Print.TimesPynchon, Thomas. The Hearts Eternal Vow. The New York Times 1988: April 10. Print.Vargas Llosa, Mario. Garcà ­a Mrquez: Historia De Un Deicidio. Barcelona-Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1971. Print.

Chicago Referencing †Citing a Newspaper (Author-Date Style)

Chicago Referencing – Citing a Newspaper (Author-Date Style) Chicago Referencing – Citing a Newspaper (Author-Date Style) Chicago referencing can seem complicated. This is partly because of the number of source types it covers. But it’s also because there are two versions: author-date citations (common in the sciences) and footnote citations (common in the humanities). In this blogpost, we focus on how to cite a newspaper with author-date style citations. Make sure that this is the version you’re using in your paper before you follow the advice! Do I Need to Cite Newspaper Articles? The Chicago Manual of Style’s online guide says that â€Å"Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text†¦ and they are commonly omitted from a reference list.† This means that you may be able to simply mention a newspaper article in your work: As Edith Lederer notes in a Washington Post article published December 31, 206, Ban Ki-moon valued meeting with world leaders as part of the fight against climate change. However, most colleges want you to demonstrate your ability to cite sources, so you should check your style guide before omitting a citation for a newspaper article. If your style guide doesn’t offer specific guidance on newspaper articles, it’s usually better to include a citation and an entry in the reference list. In-Text Citations The rules for in-text citations of newspaper articles are the same as for other sources: i.e., give the author’s name and year of publication in parentheses: Ban Ki-moon valued meeting world leaders to discuss climate change (Lederer, 2016). If the author is named in the text, give the year of publication immediately afterwards. If quoting the print version of an article, you should also give page numbers: Lederer (2016, 23) reports that Ban Ki-moon valued â€Å"face-to-face meetings† with world leaders to discuss fighting climate change. For online articles, no page numbers are required (although you can give a paragraph number if you need to be specific). Some newspaper articles may not have a named author. In such cases, use a shortened version of the article title instead: Ban Ki-moon valued meeting world leaders to discuss climate change (â€Å"Ban Ki-moon buoyed by climate accord,† 2016). Most newspaper articles will have a named author, though, so remember to check carefully. Reference List In the reference list, newspaper articles should be listed using the following format: Surname, First Name. Year. â€Å"Title.† Newspaper Name, Month Day. Chicago referencing doesn’t include page numbers in the reference list, even for print articles. This is because pagination can differ in different editions of the same newspaper. A reference list entry for the Washington Post article cited above would therefore appear as: Lederer, Edith M. 2016. â€Å"Ban Ki-moon buoyed by climate accord but laments conflicts.† Washington Post, December 31. If no author name is available, use the title instead. For online articles, a URL should be given as well. In addition, for regional newspapers, you may want to name a city and state: â€Å"Climate Change: ‘If We Save Tuvalu, We Save The World’.† 2016. Civil Beat (Honolulu, HI), September 2. civilbeat.org/2016/09/climate-change-if-we-save-tuvalu-we-save-the-world/

Organizational Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Security - Essay Example Some of the data is also available in the asset inventory. For instance, the number of failed network switches can be found in the section containing equipment meant for disposal. Risks the Institution Faces Absence of an IT Technician The IT technician is a very valuable member of staff. He is responsible for ensuring that all IT equipment function as expected. These include desktop machines, laptops, servers, projectors, switches, wireless access points, and LAN access ports. The technician is always on standby to respond to queries raised by users. In addition, the technician works with the system administrator, and IT manager, to install software, configure equipment, and implement any IT related project within the institution. The absence of the IT technician, perhaps due to sickness, death, resignation, or termination of employment, leaves a vacuum as far as his duties and responsibilities are concerned. As such, any tasks that require the technician’s input go unattende d to, hence, resulting in failures within the departments that rely on IT services. In order to protect the institution from the risk of lacking an IT technician, the IT department should make sure that there are at least two technicians on duty at any one time (Azari, 2003). If the department does this, then it will be highly unlikely that it loses the services of both technicians. Even if one is unwell, fired, or is away attending to other business, the other technician will be there to handle the queries. The Failure of the Software Development Process The IT department is tasked with the duty of providing applications for the institution. These applications are used to manage some of the activities in the institution; they include student registration and release of exam results. The department can either choose to develop the software or buy it off the shelf. The processes involved in development and purchase of software are complex and can fail if not handled carefully. Some o f the reasons that may cause failure are: i. The finances allocated for acquiring the software may not be sufficient. This happens when the department chooses to develop the software. There are instances where the department runs out of money and has to wait, for the next financial year, to receive additional funding. This creates delays or even leads to the termination of projects. ii. There is a high risk that software purchased from commercial vendors may fail to meet requirements. iii. Failure to adhere to recommended software development procedures. iv. Lack of cooperation from those targeted to use a software system. The university can carry out the following activities to ensure that it acquires quality software: i. Ascertain that designers get the precise requirements of the desired software, before making a decision on the appropriate option to take. ii. All the stakeholders should be included in the improvement process. This will inculcate a sense of ownership in them.

How important is it for managers today to have a good understanding of Essay

How important is it for managers today to have a good understanding of cultural diversity in the workplace - Essay Example Organisations are now obliged to address the diversified needs of not only the international customer base but also of its diversified workforce. This project attempts to divulge the significance of understanding the role of cultural diversity by the managers of these multinational concerns. A literature review will be conducted to understand the concept of cultural diversity in a comprehensive manner. The literature related to management skill will be review from the view point of different theories and finding. The influence of diversified workforce on organisational culture will also be discussed. The main motto of literature review will be to develop a knowledge base on the basis of which the research will be conducted. Later on, both primary as well as secondary research will be conducted to verify the research question. The data collected from them will be analysed and finally the finding will be summarised to derive the conclusion of the research. Diversity is defined in dictionary as â€Å"the fact or quality of being diverse; difference. A point or respect in which things differ. Variety† (Hoffman & Summers, 2000, p.178). When a company diversifies its business, it enters different countries and soon it loses the geographical identity to acquire the tag of international or a global organisation. For example, companies like Nike, McDonald and HSBC etc operates in different parts of the world and possess a highly diversified workforce. The term diversified workforce indicates employees that comprise people belonging to different age, gender, culture, ethical values, religion and race (Asante, et al., 2008, p.216). A diversified workforce has people with different needs and requirements, which the organisations are required to cater. The employees’ beliefs, their value system, individual interests and needs are highly influenced by the culture to which they belong. These factors also affect the culture of the

Assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include Essay

Assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines - Essay Example In this instance, the groups maintain their elements of their identities such as their culture, language and their other form of cultural practices or the traditions. Pluralists in this instance, believe that they can only allow intermingling of their culture with the modern aspects of life. Such aspects include education, music, art, history, cuisine and other relevant aspects of life (Suarez-Orozco, Suarez-Orozco, & Qin-Hillard, 2010). It refers to the evolution of the diversity of culture within a given limit that took place in the past. The evolution of the culture was under the influence of the selection, institution, and the settlement policies. It entails the conjunction of two or more groups due to the demographic features that surround them. The Hispanics regarded themselves as not the same as the Americans’ while some of them could speak both English and Spanish could not fully assimilate into the American culture. Hispanics were also more liberal and conservative in comparisons to the Americans decided not get assimilated into the American culture (GarciÃÅ', 2005). The relationship between these people and the natives was very worse. It was not possible for them to socialize with the natives since there was a lot of racial discrimination regarding their skin culture. Almost in all sectors in the United States, these people never interacted with the natives or the real American citizens by birth. As such, they ended up, not getting assimilated into American culture (Suarez-Orozco, Suarez-Orozco, & Qin-Hillard, 2010). The wave of the assimilation that was to occur for the Native Americans was to undergo the assimilation that involves the acceptance of the foreign culture from the Europeans. The foreigners were at those times majorly the colonialists in the country. Europe agitated for a standard form of education system all over the world, but the Americans believed that theirs was more superior and decided to follow

Decentralized Approach for Achieving Seamlessness

Decentralized Approach for Achieving Seamlessness CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Thesis Outcome The major outcome of this research effort is to analyse the feasibility and benefits of achieving seamlessness with the proposed decentralized approach augmenting the conventional centralized approach for heterogeneous networks. In lieu of this, the outcomes achieved include A Hybrid Approach (Linux Kernel Module and SCTP) to decrease the latency during Vertical Handoff process and IP mobility to achieve seamless continuity. Location Awareness in Hybrid Approach to reduce the triggering of unnecessary handoffs during vertical handoff that result in performance degradation. Contributions of the Present Work In this thesis, several aspects and approaches for seamless continuity are discussed. The major contributions of the work carried out in this thesis are: Different approaches to achieve seamless continuity in heterogeneous networking environment. A brief review on the open issues and challenges related to seamless continuity. Design and development of daemon based decentralized approach for intranet environment. Design and development of an efficient and fast method known as kernel based decentralized approach for improving the latency during handoffs. Development of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) approach for addressing dynamic address reconfiguration in heterogeneous environment. Design and development of a novel hybrid method using the combination of SCTP and kernel module. Development of a location aware method to incorporate into the hybrid approach for heterogeneous networks. Solution Overview The proposed solution is a hybrid approach to achieve seamless session continuity in heterogeneous networks. This approach is completely decentralized complementing the centralized approach which is completely based on server agents. It can be applied to both intra and Internet environment without any changes to the network layer. To prove this approach for seamlessness, testing was done on three network interfaces Ethernet (eth), WLAN (wlan), WCDMA (wcdma). For Intranet A vertical handoff daemon was developed to achieve seamlessness over heterogeneous networks. This daemon application runs as a background process at the user space and it also takes care of the handoff process between various radio interfaces. Firstly, this proposed daemon continuously polls for the registered interfaces and then checks the status (live or dead) of these devices. Later, it also updates the status to the network layer of the protocol stack to keep the service continuing between the mobile device and the server. The designed architecture is well suited for all the IP based multimedia applications but running only in intranet environment. IP mobility is an issue which has to be still addressed which cannot be solved in this approach. For Internet To achieve seamless continuity over heterogeneous networks, this proposed solution is a combination of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) and Linux kernel module. This kernel module gets registered with the Linux kernel and updates the status of various interfaces by signalling the SCTP application running at the user level. This SCTP application will then accomplish the handoff process between various network interfaces. The reason behind this approach is SCTP has an advantage of IP address reconfiguration which solves the IP mobility issue and Kernel module has an advantage of latency. This accomplishes the handoff process in a faster and elegant fashion. But this will not solve the problem of unnecessary triggering of handoffs. In this regard the following handoff decision process was integrated into hybrid approach to improve performance while achieving seamlessness. Location based Handoff Decision This proposed algorithm is completely based on location based information. This is a research effort to study the feasibility of location based solution which consists of combining the conventional handoff decision with a location based evaluation mechanism. This mechanism relies on positioning method for obtaining mobile user position fixes. Once the user’s location, speed and direction are calculated, the evaluation mechanism will predict the user’s path. It will then decide whether the user will remain in the same network coverage area for necessary duration to result in performance improvement. If not, this proposed evaluation method will notify the mobile device to trigger a handoff. The knowledge on user’s location, speed and direction is necessary to prevent inefficient and unnecessary handoffs. Conclusion In this research effort, a seamless vertical handoff system across heterogeneous networks is presented. It is implemented in current Linux operating system. In the proposed system, the handoff latency is much shorter than other current systems focusing on the issue of vertical handoff. Different from other vertical handoff systems, handoff agents or servers are not required in this system. Only with the mobile host itself, the vertical handoff can be realized. Moreover, the overhead during handoff is also quite low. The system is evaluated through a series of experiments. The experimental results demonstrated the handoff is handled in a fast and elegant manner. The proposed system is tested in the real-world analyses. The experiments were conducted under different environments and evaluated with various multimedia applications. This work is not only for home network solution but it is extended to an Internet solution. Moreover, prior to triggering handoff, the algorithm’s ability to predict user direction, speed and visit to WLAN coverage area allowed it to provide an observable benefit both on user’s perspective and also on network’s perspective. This location based evaluation of the algorithm helped to not only prevent the occurrence of unnecessary handoffs which would result in performance degradation but also reduce wastage of resources. The novel hybrid decentralized approach based on location awareness presented in this work handled the issues of latency, dynamic address reconfiguration and unnecessary triggering of handoffs for seamless continuity in heterogeneous networks. Future Work Keeping in view the wide proliferation of heterogeneous networks and high level of interworking required for next generation mobile users, the scope of the future work can be more focussed on pursuing open challenges such as battery power consumption, Quality of Service (QoS) and security for effective ubiquitous experience and seamless continuity. Battery power consumption of the mobile client is a significant criterion for handoff. Whenever the battery power drops to particular threshold, the mobile client should immediately shift to lower power demand network interface. As the demand for multimedia applications increases there is a need to guarantee QoS such as high available bandwidth, Bit Error Rate (BER), network load balancing, Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) and so on. Security is another important criterion which needs to be addressed. Hence, when handoff data is exchanged between devices it is always preferable to have network with high level of encryption. In this research effort, some work was done on best Access Point selection algorithm. With the enormous increase of WLAN AP’s everywhere, there is a need to look at new approaches to select the best AP among multiple AP’s for achieving horizontal handoffs.

Its Time to End the Drug War Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

It's Time to End the Drug War Uhh, uhhh B.I.G., P-O, P-P-A No info, for the, DEA Federal agents mad cause I'm flagrant Tap my cell, and the phone in the basement -Notorious B.I.G. lyrics from â€Å"Mo’ Money, Mo’ Problems† In Christopher Wallace’s (a.k.a. Notorious BIG) â€Å"Mo’ Money, Mo’ Problems†, the late rapper from Brooklyn mentions his run in with the police earlier in his life. Christopher Wallace came to be known as arguably the greatest rapper the world has ever heard, but before the days as a famous entertainer Christopher Wallace an average crack dealer in New York. Many youths in the New York area wish to follow his path, and sell drugs in their respective neighborhoods in order to be able to â€Å"roll in style.† Some individuals would try to say that the current system for dealing with drugs works in this country, look what it did for Christopher Wallace how he straightened up his life after jail. That could be the furthest from the truth, if one were to look at the rest of Christopher Wallace’s songs, one could deduct the violence, and anger that has built up in him. Christopher Wallace’s life would come to an abrupt and violent end , when he would be shot down in a drive-by in Los Angeles at the age of 24. The tragic end of such a talented and troublesome life, brings me to ask the question whether the US’s war on drugs is actually accomplishing anything, when drugs are still easily available in metropolitan cities across the country, especially New York. The modern Drug War’s roots can be dated back to US anti-imperialist sentiments against the British since the 19th century. More recent incarnations of these sentiments are figures such as Richard Nixon, Harry Anslinger, and George Bush. Drugs such as ... ...t.all; â€Å"Estimating Heroin Availability†. Cambridge, Mass: Abt Associates Inc.; 1999 9. http://www.csdp.org/edcs/theneed.htm 10. http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/policy/ndcs00/chap2_4.html 11. http://www.progressive.org/com1099.htm 12. Wisotsky, Steven; Breaking the Impasse in the War on Drugs. New York:Greenwood Press; 1986 13. Martin, Susan Taylor; â€Å"Heroin for addicts works as a Swiss fix†. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg, FLA. 2001 14. Reinarman, Craig and Cohen, Peter. â€Å"Is US dutch policy the devil?†. Univeristy of Amsterdam :Amsterdam; 1999. 15. Donrey, Samantha Young. â€Å"US:DEA Profile Being Raised by New Head. Wahington: Donrey Media Group; 2001 16. Hunt, Gibson Hunt and Chambers Carl D. â€Å"The Heroin Epidemics†. New York, Spectrum Publications; 1976 17. http://www.dea.gov/concern/heroin.htm 18. http://www.drugwarfacts.org/thenethe.htm

The Technology Has One Of The Biggest Development

It has become the first phone with multi- touch screen. Since this moment, a lot of other companies such as Samsung r ETCH tried to tackle Apple and outsell Phone. This has become the beginning of the famous confrontation between Android and ISO. R R R The latest model of Apple, Phone 55, was released in 201 3, 30 years ago after the first cellophane. It seems incredible how drastically changed the history of the mobile phones within 3 decades.From big and heavy brick it transformed into the small and convenient device with multi-touch screen R with the ability to download many different APS, and have a ton of many other options such s R easy access to the Internet in any time and place and, of course, a good camera R R You may not be the fan of the Apple, but there's the one thing you should admit: they do start the trends. In 2010 Apple presented a brand legendary gadget -? Pad. And suddenly everyone wanted to have a tablet.And many variations with different Ox's such as Android, W indows, and ISO is continuing to appear till today R The development of tablets made a real revolution. Almost 10 years ago appearing of the notebooks made needless cumbersome and inconvenient to carry personal computers. Nowadays, because of tablets even notebooks will stay in the past soon. R In 2013 Microsoft released the Surface, Windows-8-based newcomer to the tablet wars, which doubles as keyboard and allows this device to serve as notebook.So you have a table and a notebook in one device But technological progress touched not only phones and computers, it made the things that we couldn't even imagine. R â€Å"The future is now' – this is slogan of the Google Glass – the display of augmented reality which has the form of the glasses. R It means hat you can take a picture, record a video, send a message, make a phone call and use Google using only the glasses.It seems impossible but this is reality. R Another technical newcomer that becoming popular today is Smar t Watch – a computerized wristwatch with functionality that is enhanced beyond timekeeping and have such functions as WI-IF, audio and video player, GAPS and many other. R As we see, for the 30 years gadgets literally became the part of our life. The technologies are rapidly developing R and every year they amaze us more and more.

The Philippine E-Grand Prix Complex

AbstractThe research and development of electric and alternatively driven cars are the next step in evolution of the automobiles; since the primary source of fuel for today’s cars are fossil fuels which is rapidly depleting and also damaging to the environment. In order to take the next step in the car’s evolution a research and development complex and test/racing track would be created to tackle the challenge of producing technology needed in order to make electric cars viable.Creating a racing/test track and development complex in the heart of the city at the SM Central Business Park in Pasay that only caters to electric and alternative fuelled or driven cars and would become the testing grounds and home for car manufacturers, local universities or engineering/technology firms and enthusiasts professional and amateur creating and developing electric and alternatively driven vehicles, also becoming the venue for alternatively driven vehicle racing events in the future exposing the public to the technology. In conclusion creating the development complex for electric and alternatively driven vehicles would develop and research to make alternative and electric driven vehicles and alternative and eventual replacement of fossil fuel vehicles.Chapter 1Introduction:In today’s world the main form of transportation of getting from one place to another are cars or automobiles be it in the form of busses, cars, trucks or etc. they have become a necessary part of the world cars deliver our food and products, gets people to their work and where they need to be, enabled communities to grow in size and enabled people to live farther and travel longer distances. The invention of the automobile enabled communities to live farther away from where they work, to produce food and products away from the cities and be distributed to different places and enabled the majority of the population to travel long distances in relative safety.The  first appearances of the automobile began in 1976 with the creation of steam engine automobiles that were capable transporting people, in 1807 the first cars were equipped with internal combustion engines that run on fuel gas which became the model used to drive modern automobiles, simultaneously electric automobiles were also being developed and became moderately popular, but with problems and lack of development of battery technology at the time; which were small and very limited range, weight of the batteries and the problem of charging.With the internal combustion engine not having any of these problems since it run on fuel gas which: was easy to transport and distribute, made refueling relatively easy and had great range, the internal combustion engine automobile became the standard type of vehicle and eventually led to the disappearance of electric vehicles until recently. (Curtis Darrel Anderson, Judy Anderson, 2010) The birth of the first true â€Å"modern automobile† appeared in the yea r 1886 with the Benz-Patent-Motorwagen created by German inventor Karl Benz which used a gasoline powered engine and was able to travel long distances that showed the viability of cars.With the invention of the first modern automobile it proved that horseless carriages or automobiles were suitable and replacement of horses as the main form of transportation (citation), as technology improved so did automobiles leading to efficient, powerful, versatile, safe and fast cars of today but the same basic concept of the first modern automobiles are still used in today’s cars; with the use of an internal combustion engine fuelled by gasoline to power the vehicle. (Steven Parissien, 2013)At the beginning of the 21st Century, interest in electrical and other alternative fuel vehicles has increased due to growing concern over the problems associated with hydrocarbon fueled vehicles, including damage to the environment caused by their emissions, and the sustainability of the current foss il fuel transportation infrastructure.With the renewed interest in electric and other alternative fuel vehicles in the 1990s some companies began manufacturing and selling electric cars in the early 90s although there were only few models and production limited it sparked the revival of the electric vehicle (EV) and with the continued advancement of technology, electric cars are becoming more widespread and viable today 2010s with companies like Tesla exclusively selling electric cars and mainstream manufacturers Toyota, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Honda,  Chevrolet, Citroen and Nissan fully electric production cars. (Gijs Mom, 2013)As automobiles became more successful and widespread it quickly became a part of modern life, with pioneers organizing automobile races during the late 1800s and early 1900s to advertise and showcase the capabilities of automobiles and were publicity stunts that showcased that cars were safe, easy and convenient in comparison to horses and reliable. Most of t he races at the time were mostly shows, although some were actual races held between drivers and their cars.The races were held over long distances and lasted hours and some that took days to complete with distances of over 1000 kilometers with races starting from one city ending in another. In the 1930s to 1950s as cars became more popular and widespread with many companies starting to manufacture them, cars then started to become faster and faster with the high-end and expensive cars being turned into purpose built cars for speed and racing which then became the first race cars which competed in races, grand prixs, rallies and other forms of racing.( David Hassan,2013) After the Second World War with many empty and unused airfields and empty fields in Europe, enthusiasts and drivers started adapting and using them as race tracks which became the basis of modern motor racing and gave it an audience with the public.Auto racing then evolved and branched into different kinds of racing which spawn different types of race cars and with motor racing starting to appear in different countries all over the world with the establishment of different racing series, championships and federations, with different levels of motorsport ranging from amateur to professional, and became established as modern day motor racing. (Rà ©mi Paolozzi, 2003) Today major motorsport events are handled and governed by the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) also known as the International Automobile Federation, they represent the interest of motoring organizations and motor car users around the world.They handle auto racing events and classes, (e.g. Formula 1 and World Rally Championship) they create the rules and regulations for different classes of auto racing throughout the world and acts as its governing body through the local motoring associations and organizations of the country. (Barbara Bogusz, Adam Jan Cygan, Erika M. Szyszczak, 2007) Formula-E or officially FIA Formula E Championship is a class of auto racing, sanctioned by the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).The formula, designated in  the name, refers to a set of rules with which all participants' cars must comply. Formula E is intended to be the highest class of competition for one-make, single-seat, electrically-powered racing cars. The series was conceived in 2012, with the inaugural championship to be held from September 2014 – June 15 across 10 cities (Beijing, Putrajaya, Rio de Janeiro, Punta Del Este, Buenos Aires, Los Angeles, Miami, Monte Carlo, Berlin and London) around the world.Background and Nature Background:Motor racing in the Philippines first started during the 1960s with racing events like the Manila Grand Prix; Philippines Grand Prix a street circuit located around Greenhills during 1973-1976 and the Great Gedol Grand Philippine Rally using cars that started out as production cars and were heavily modified into race cars and lasted throug h the 1970s during the time of the Marcos Regime these were considered the Golden Age of Philippines Motorsports where Philippine racing drivers and teams competed locally and internationally some becoming champions. Philippine motors racing today is still active with many regular events, racing series and championships from karting to touring cars from amateur to professional levels, accompanied by an active car and motoring culture. Motorsport tracks in the Philippines:Batangas Racing Circuit – road racing circuit, holds international events Subic International Raceway – road racing circuit Carmona Racing Circuit – karting circuit, motorbike circuit Clark International Speedway – road racing circuit Nature:Electric and Alternative Drive Racing – motorsport for race cars, production cars, prototypes, spec and formula cars that are alternatively powered vehicles, cars that don’t use the standard and conventional internal combustion engine an d fossil fuel. Alternative drive vehicles: hybrid, electric, alternative fuel and fuel cell drive race cars and prototypes separated into different classes and spec, series and formula. A high tech motorsport featuring current and next generation automotive technology and used as a competitive testing ground to showcase, develop and pioneer alternative and future automotive technologies.Statement of the ProblemAs the deterioration of the environment due to greenhouse gasses worsens, can man made greenhouses gasses be reduced or slowed down by using alternatively driven vehicles? By developing and using alternatively driven vehicles how significant would it be at lowering man made greenhouse gasses in comparison with the traditional internal combustion engines. In order to develop these kinds of technologies in automobiles, auto racing has been an essential competitive proving and testing ground for pioneering, introducing and developing automotive technologies.Which leads to; would alternatively drive vehicles be a viable replacement or alternative for conventional motorsport? Can alternative drive vehicles be as exciting, authentic and high-tech as conventional motor racing and would technologies developed and used in these races and race cars be transferrable or relevant to the next generation or type of production cars.Project Objectives1. To study conventional and alternative drive motor racing and race cars. To distinguish and list the differences between conventional and alternative drive motor racing and race cars and to be used as a base to compare its respective strengths and weaknesses. 2. To study the different types of motorsport around the world which use electric or alternative drive race cars. To create a basis of information and data in order to create an electric or alternative drive motorsport that can be adapted and used in the Philippine setting. 3. To study the viability and feasibility of electric and alternative drive motorsport in the P hilippines.To see if an electric and alternative drive racing series and track would be a viable motorsport in the Philippines. To study what it would take to create a successful electric and alternative drive racing series. 4. To locate an area in the Philippines that would be suitable and accessible for a racing and development track for alternatively driven vehicles. To locate an area in the Philippines that would be suitable for motorsport that would be accessible to international and local competitors and developers and be accessible to the local motorsport culture and the general public.Keywords1. Electric Vehicle – electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles exist, those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator (hybrid electric vehicles), such as an internal combustion engine or a hydrogen fuel cell EV.2. Alternative Drive Vehicle – a vehicle that runs on a fuel other than conventional fossil fuel (gasoline or diesel); and also refers to any technology of powering an engine that does not involve solely petroleum (electric car, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicle, solar powered).3. Motorsports – group of competitive sports which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles, whether for racing or non-racing competition.4. Auto racing/ Motor racing – group of competitive sports involving the racing of automobiles for competition.5. Race Track – a facility for racing of vehicles, which include spectator facilities such as grandstands, hospitality, facilities for competitors, such as pit lanes and garages.6. Automotive Technology – technologies found and used and developed in automobiles. Many of these technologi es also have other applications. Significance of the ProblemTo see if there would be interest in electric and alternatively driven vehicles from enthusiasts and the general public. To see the economic difference of alternatively driven race cars from standard race cars based on fuel, parts, maintenance and running cost. To see if electric and alternatively driven vehicles would be a legitimate motorsport.Project Scope and LimitationsScope: Racing Track/Circuit Complex Development and Testing Facilities Limitations: Pioneering research in the Philippines. Few resources and Local Case Studies. Local Tracks are far and few. Few electric cars in the Philippines. Electric cars are not popular and in widespread use locally.Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 1. Fifty Cars that Changed the World Conran Octupus: London 2009 ISBN 9781840915365 pg. 100The book showcases the 50 most influential cars of the automotive industry to date. The Toyota Prius was released in 1997 which showed the c ommitment of a major manufacturer in alternative fuel technology. The Toyota Prius is a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) a car that has a normal internal combustion (IC) engine which is partnered with an electric motor and batteries which power the car the at low speeds and at higher speeds using the IC engine which charges the battery of the electric motor producing high fuel and power efficiency which saves fuel. The Toyota Prius paved the way for the popularity and resurgence of electric and hybrid cars in popular culture today.2. Modern Car Technology Jeff Daniels Haynes Publishing: CA 2001 ISBN 9781859608111 Chapter 8, pg. 82-89Chapter 8 discusses the workings and mechanics of Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Vehicles and also other green alternatives such as Bio-Diesel, Ethanol and LPG.3. Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles Jack Erjavec, Jeff Arias Delmar Publishers Inc.: NY ISBN 9781401881055Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles – explains the basic and mechan ical principles of the Hybrid (HEV), Battery Electric (BEV) and Fuel Cell (FCV) vehicles. It shows the basics of each type of vehicle their mechanics and technologies and goes into more advanced and complex mechanics, principles and technologies of each type of alternative vehicle. It also distinguishes each type of vehicles advantages and disadvantages and differences over the traditional ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles and other alternative vehicles.4. Bio Ethanol: Production, Benefits and Economics Jason B. Earbum Nova Science Publishers Inc.: NY 2009 ISBN 9781607406975 Chapter 9 pg.151-152, Chapter 10 pg.165-167, Chapter 11 pg.173-178Chapter 9 shows the widespread and worldwide use of Ethanol (E10) in normal vehicles which is 80% unleaded fuel mixed with Ethanol. In Chapter 10 discusses Bio-Diesel which is used as a diesel additive or be used as a complete replacement for diesel in diesel powered vehicles and Ethanol as an additive or as fuel on flexible fuel vehicles and its history. In Chapter 11 it discusses Fuel consumption of normal fuel and bio fuels worldwide, the cost and benefits of biofuels, how bio fuels affect air Quality and climate change.5. Fuel Cell Engines Matthew M. Mench John Wiley & Sons Inc.: NJ 2008 ISBN 978047168958 Chapter 1 pg.1-24Chapter 1 discusses the uses of fuel cell technology (a device that creates electricity through chemical reactions with a fuel), the classes of fuel cells, potential uses from portable devices, stationary devices or power plants and in transportation as fuel cell vehicles and lastly the history of fuel cell development.6. Biofuels for Transport: Global potential and Implications for Sustainable Energy and Agriculture World Watch Institute Earthscan: London 207 Chapter 1 pg. 3-9, Chapter 15 pg.250-262, Part 8 pg.329-344Chapter 1 discusses the current status of biofuels and its industry and gives an overview of what biofuel is (Bio Diesel, Ethanol). Chapter 15 shows the different types biofuel veh icles; Bio-diesel which can be used in normal diesel vehicles or as an additive and ethanol which is added in E10 fuels used normal cars and fully ethanol driven cars. Part 8 shows country studies of bio fuels from China, India, Tanzania, Brazil and Germany.7. Fossil Fuels and Pollution: The Future of Air Quality Jackie Kerr Casper, Ph.D. Facts on File Inc.: NY 2010 ISBN 978081672651 Chapter 1 pg. 1-25, Chapter 2 pg. 26-62, Chapter 5 pg. 111-114, Chapter 9 pg. 197-209Chapter 1 gives an overview of fossil fuel and its history, Chapter 2 discusses the effects of fossil fuels its potentials and how it can affect the health of people. Chapter 5 discusses fuel economy and the rate of global use of fossil fuels. Chapter 9 shows alternative vehicles to ICE vehicles: Hybrid, Electric, Flexible Fuel, Plug-in, Air Powered and Fuel Cell vehicles and future developments and technologies of vehicles.8. Alternative Fuels: The Future of Hydrogen Second Edition Michael Frank Hordeski The Fairmont P ress Inc. / Taylor & Francis Ltd.: GA 2008 ISBN 9781420080162 Chapter 3 pg. 67-100, Chapter 4 pg. 101-124Chapter 3 gives the history of cars from its inception and the accompanying history of fuels used by cars. Chapter 4 takes a more in-depth look at the fuel development of vehicles up to the present and also the alternative fuels and technologies and how hydrogen used in fuel cells can power and be used in vehicles of the future.9. Vehicle Powertrain Systems Behrooz Mashadi, David Crolla John Wiley & Sons: West Sussex, UK 2012 ISBN 9780470666029 Chapter 7 pg. 425-474Gives an in-depth look at vehicle powertrain systems (the system that make the car move) gives an introduction to Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) its parts: internal combustion engine, electric motor and batteries and the different types of HEVs: Series and Parallel.10. Fundamentals of Automotive Technology Kirk T. Van Gelder Jones & Barett Learning: MA 2014 ISBN 9781449624118A manual and in-depth guide automotive techn ology and systems, and an in-depth guide to alternative fuels and drive systems used in today’s cars: Biofuel vehicles and the different types Ethanol, Bio Diesel, Methanol, Bio Bubetanol, Fuel Cell vehicles with only hydrogen fuel cells being viable and used, Battery Electric Vehicles that only use electricity and need to be charged and Hybrid Drives which use an ICE and an Electric motor and batteries and different types: Series, Parallel and Series-Parallel.11. Electric Vehicles: Technology, Policy and Commercial Development Serra, Jao Vitor Fernandes Earthscan: London 2011 ISBN 9781849714150The book gives a brief history as to why the internal combustion engines are used in vehicles. How electric vehicles work and the technologies, principle and mechanics used and a history of electric vehicle development. The cost effectiveness of electric vehicles versus traditional internal combustion engines and the alternative vehicles. And lastly discusses the policies for electric vehicles in order to push them to be used.12. Hybrid & Alternative Fuel Vehicles James D. Halderman, Tony Martin Pearson: NJ 2011 ISBN 9780135103845An in-depth manual and expert guide for current Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles in which the book shows the concepts and mechanics of different types of vehicles and shows different examples actual and current hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles and an in-depth and expert look at their systems and technologies.13. Automotive Engineering: Powertrain, Chassis System and Vehicle Body 1st Edition David A. Crolla Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK 2009 ISBN 9781856175777 Chapter 6 pg. 141-172 Chapter 7 pg. 175-202Chapter 6 discusses the mechanics and principles of electric vehicles on how they work and the technologies used for them to work. Chapter 7 shows the  concept and principles in order for Fuel cell vehicles to work, the technologies and mechanics in the workings of these type of vehicles and explains the technology behind it.1 4. The Electric Vehicle: Technology and Expectations in the Automobile Age Gijs Mom JHU Press: 2013 ISBN: 9781421412689The book provides a complete and detailed history of the electric car from the replacement of horses and rise of the automobile. The book in detail discusses the progress of the automobile from the horseless carriage to present day, but focuses on the electric cars, which were actually used before internal combustion engines on cars.It discusses the early shortcomings of the electric car from the short battery life and range which made the ICE vehicle the preferred choice early in the cars development, to misconceptions about electric cars that led it to be forgotten in automotive technology until recently when it has been rediscovered as an alternative to fossil fueled vehicles due to depleting fuel resources and environmental issues.15. Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History Curtis Darrel Anderson, Judy Anderson McFarland, 2010 ISBN: 9780786457427The book discusses E lectric and Hybrid Cars from a brief introduction of the birth of the automobile industry and the evolution of the electric car from its earliest iterations to it resurgence today. It also discusses the politics that happened in the history of the electric car because it was a competitor to gas powered cars and answered why the electric car suddenly disappeared. It also discusses the technological advancements that made the electric car possible and the marketing of these types of cars today. 16. The History of Motor Sport: A Case Study Analysis (Sport in the Global Society – Historical perspectives) David HassanRoutledge, 2013 ISBN: 9780415851213 Chapter 2Gives the history of the beginnings of motor racing that started in France and the pioneers in Belgium, it also tells on how automobile racing expanded throughout Europe.17. The Regulation of Sport in the European Union Barbara Bogusz, Adam Jan Cygan, Erika M. Szyszczak Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007 ISBN: 9781847208569 pgs. 74-96Explains what the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) is and its power as the governing body of all forms of motorsports using four or more wheels. It focused on its regulation on Formula 1 auto racing and the extent of power and abuses the FIA had on the auto racing being able to force out competing other motorsports not sanctioned by the FIA.18. McKinsey Quarterly, February 2011 The fast lane to the adoption of electric cars Russell Hensley, Strefan M. Knupfer and Axel KriegerThe article is about electric cars and its adoption in large metropolitan cities; Shanghai, Paris and New York in these study. In the article it states that to the buyers and users of electric cars in metropolitan cities the things that are important are the cars being a status symbol especially in Shanghai and New York, the benefits to the environment and the savings from using electricity.Another point of the article was the preferences of electric vehicles of the three cities in whe re in Shanghai they preferred PHEVs in which were able to use a normal engine after running out of gas, BEVs in New York and Paris which were pure Electric vehicles which relied on batteries and charging. Lastly the article studied that incentives that  attracted buyers were not monetary but low cost incentives what they were attracted to, and that the future of mass producing EVs relied on fixed routes delivery vehicles in metropolitan cities making the switch EVs.19. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Volume 3 Towards All-Electric FSAE Race Cars S. Watkins, G. Pearson, M. King ISBN 9789881925152; ISSN: 20780966(Online)FSAE is a global student based competition with over 200 universities involved, it is a competition where student-teams create a small scale racing car following a strict set of rules limiting the students and make them more reliant on their ingenuity and creativity in order to get more performance from their vehicles. With the changing automotiv e market with new and technologies especially electric and alternative fuel vehicles creating a sub-racing series that would create all-electric FSAE cars would help students and engineers.20. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010 DOI: 10.1021/es100520c Environmental Implication of Electric Vehicles in China Hong Huo, Qiang Zhang, Michael Q. Wang, David G. Streets and Kebin HeThe article is about the study of the environmental implication of electric vehicles as a replacement for the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle. The study compared the CO2 level of traditional ICE vehicles and the CO2 levels from the additional CO2 production of power plants which use coal for the charging of electric vehicles (which in theses study replaced ICE vehicles) and found electric vehicles did not give much benefit in reducing CO2 production. In conclusion to their study they found that electric vehicles were a great solution to oil shortage but failed to address the environmental issue.